Mental and Spiritual Well-Being: A Philosophical Analysis of Supporting Schools of Thought

Abstract

This article aims to examine mental and spiritual well-being through a philosophical approach and to develop an integrative framework based on Indonesian schools of thought. Well-being is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct encompassing psychological and transcendental dimensions. This study employs a qualitative literature review by combining content analysis and a philosophical-hermeneutic approach. Content analysis is used to identify and categorize key themes related to mental and spiritual well-being across selected texts, while the philosophical-hermeneutic approach is applied to interpret underlying meanings and construct an integrative conceptual framework. The findings reveal that mental well-being, as discussed in Indonesian psychological discourse, emphasizes balance, meaning in life, and subjective well-being, while spiritual well-being is grounded in religious values, inner tranquility, self-surrender, and harmony with nature. Furthermore, various schools of thought, including Islamic Nusantara philosophy, modern Sufism, Indonesian positive psychology, and Pancasila philosophy, offer complementary contributions to constructing an integrative model of well-being. In the context of contemporary society, this framework is particularly relevant in addressing challenges related to the digital era, post-pandemic conditions, and social media pressures. This study implies that integrating local wisdom, spirituality, and contemporary psychological approaches can inform the development of more holistic well-being frameworks in both academic research and practical interventions.